Censorship :: essays research papers

Censorship and the Internet Biram Mboob London School of Economics B.mboob@lse.ac.uk "Inevitably, being an uncontrolled system, means that the Internet will be subjected to subversive applications of some unscrupulous users." (Kershaw) The concept of the Internet was created in answer to a strategic problem faced by the United States government during the Cold war era. A nuclear attack would easily disrupt a traditional computer network and hence make communication impossible. The solution was found in a new type of network. A network where all nodes would be equal in status, that is to say each could send and receive messages. The resulting projects were the first steps towards the birth of the Internet, as we know it. Today, the Internet consists of several parts, which include the World Wide Web, FTP, IRC, News groups, Gopher, WAIS, Archie, and Email. The Internet is continuing to grow at a rate of 40% a year, with roughly 20 million users to date. Over the past few yea rs, the issue of Internet censorship has been subject to an unprecedented amount of controversy. Both sides of the debate present very strong arguments about why the Internet should or should not be censored. The point most often brought forward by advocates of Internet censorship is that â€Å"inappropriate† material can all too easily land in the hands of children via this powerful new medium. â€Å"Inappropriate† mostly describes the sexually explicit and racist material that is easily found on the Internet. The debate that currently rages however centres mainly on pornographic material. The essay is divided into three content-based sections. The first section examines the data that is available about pornography on the Internet. Conclusions on significance of the data are offered. Section two examines the legal issues and difficulties surrounding the idea of censorship. The final section discusses alternative ways of protecting children from pornography and offers a final conclusion on the attributes of the problem and the suggestion of a solution. Censorship of Internet is a big issue and not much of it can be covered in an essay at this level. The essay deliberately focuses only on pornography. While many aspects had to be left out and others discussed minimally, the result of this essay remains a brief synopsis of relevant issues and conclusions on these issues. Section 1 In early 1995, a research team at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania released one of the most revealing studies into online pornography.

Medical Field

Chiropractic surgeons perform procedures you may have heard of such as heart bypass surgery, heart valve repair/replacement and an also be involved with operative procedures to treat ailments such as lung cancer and emphysema, and chest trauma. .NET- Or tautology's, concentrates on the ear, nose and throat. .NET surgeons treat a diverse range of problems from hearing loss to tumors, thyroid disorders and even cosmetic procedures such as rhinestones (surgery on the nose). They are concerned with some of the most important sensory areas and help patients with problems hearing, smelling, tasting and speaking.General Surgery- General surgeons broadly speaking deal with the abdominal organs and the torso. Surgeons usually develop a sub-specialty of this wide ranging area of surgery, such as trauma, collaborate, upper Castro-intestinal, habitability, breast or endocrine surgery. General surgery is one of the most common specialties. Neurosurgery- Disorders that affect the nervous system, i ncluding the brain, spinal column and cord and other nerves throughout the body, are often treated surgically by neurosurgeons.They frequently operate on conditions like brain tumors and aneurysms, head injuries, severe back injuries and other spinal defects or diseases. Ophthalmology- Ophthalmologists examine, diagnose and treat medical and surgical robbers of the eye. These can include eye injuries, infections, tumors and cataracts. Oral and Monomaniacal Surgery- This specialty, sometimes known as oral and ‘Max fax' surgery, requires both a medical and a dental degree from university. MOBS focuses on the mouth, Jaws, face and neck and surgeons deal with Injuries, diseases and defects of these areas.Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery- These specialists deal with the restoration and development of bones, joints and muscles and sometimes concentrate on a particular area such as sports injuries, upper limbs, hips and knees or feet and ankles. There are more trauma and orthopedic surg eons than most other specialties. Pediatric Surgery- Infants and children can often require specialist surgical treatment, usually provided by pediatric surgeons, who deal with neonates through to teenagers and frequently treat cases such as congenital abnormalities (present at birth), trauma, cancers and urological problems.Plastic Surgery- Plastic surgeons work on all parts of the body with the primary aim of restoring function and appearance. They repair and reconstruct damaged skin and tissue. Sometimes their work can be cosmetic, or aesthetic, and performed on patients who choose to have procedures to enhance heir appearance. Urology- This specialty concentrates on the urinary tract of men and women and on the reproductive system of men. Some of the disorders and Vascular Surgery – This specialty concentrates on the vascular system (arteries and veins). The specialty evolved from general and cardiac surgery.Some of the disorders vascular surgeons deal with include deep v ein thrombosis, varicose veins and Lymphoma. Surgery is an extremely rewarding but competitive career choice. Training to become a surgeon can be a long and challenging process, and surgeons need to be very driven and passionate in order to succeed. A surgeon's time is not Just spent in the operating theatre working on anesthetized patients; they also spend a great deal of time in outpatient treatment rooms assessing and preparing patients for surgery, and on hospital wards seeing patients before and after surgical treatment.Good communication skills are essential, as surgeons must build good rapport with patients as well as work effectively with other hospital and medical staff (such as nurses, physicians and anesthetists). To become a successful surgeon, you will need to enjoy learning and be prepared to learn new skills and techniques throughout our career. You will also need to be a good teacher, and be able to share your skills with younger and less experienced surgeons as you progress throughout your career.In short; surgeons work hard, but the work most often improves, enhances or saves other people's lives, which as you can imagine is incredibly rewarding. After University Beyond your years at medical school, you can look forward to many further years of training to become a surgeon! Immediately after finishing medical school, all graduates are required to work for two years as foundation doctors, which involves ark in a hospital, and sometimes in a GAP surgery doing several different rotations, in both medicine and surgery.Most foundation doctors will have decided by the end of their foundation years which specialty they wish to pursue and at this stage will begin applying for training posts. After completion of two to three ‘core' training years, and having successfully passed the MRS. examination, surgical trainees then begin several years of working and training to acquire all the skills necessary to pass their surgical fellowship examination s (FRI.) and become a consultant in their specialty.

Myths around Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol

DUI’s have been on the rise in the past few years, therefore there have been many myths on how to not obtain a DUI or a DWI. New York became the pioneer state in which, they made to first drunk driving laws in 1910, followed shortly after California then the other forty-eight states followed. These DUI laws stated that a driver could not operate a vehicle while under the influence, although intoxication was not defined by legislature at this period of time. Then in the 1930’s committees wanted to make the roads safer. So The American Medical Association started a committee that studied the most common issues that lead to accidents. Also the National Safety Council created a study that determined intoxication, they reached a conclusion that a Blood Alcohol Content above 0.15 was intoxicated and anything under a person was sober, this became the first legal limit for BAC in 1938. Although as time progressed the laws became stricter, this was due to various groups that pet itioned against drunk driving. The pressure from these organizations led to changes, such as raising the legal drinking age to twenty-one years of age, which was required for all states, yet drunk driving laws was not required by all police departments at this time. Then the legal limit was lowered to 0.10 from 0.15, then once lowered again to our legal limit we have to which is 0.08. The first myth to bust is the various amounts of ways someone can fool a Breathalyzer. The Breathalyzer is a small handheldShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Alcohol By Minors Starts At Home With Parents And Caregivers1550 Words   |  7 Pageswas an accident on Route 5, a head on collision. Her son was driving while intoxicated. He swerved into the other lane, right into oncoming traffic. The driver of the other car didn’t make it. She died on impact. Her son was on his way to the hospital, he lost a lot of blood. They didn’t know if he would make it either. No parent wants to get this phone call, to hear that their child has harmed another or that they are dying due to alcohol and bad decisions. It is heartbreaking and tragic, and it isRead MoreWhy Crimes Are Committed969 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessive studies, as well as in different cities around the United States. Another subject that both books cover is drunk driving. In every state and almost every jurisdiction, the sale of alcoholic beverages is legal. Driving while under the influence is not, however. The Criminology textbook maintains that every year, individuals over the age of 14 drink more alcohol than they do milk or coffee (Criminology 367). 50% of the 10.1 million alcohol drinker engage in binge drinking and half ofRead MoreThe Consequences Of Accepting An Invitation For Happy Hour? Alcoholism1332 Words   |  6 Pagesdrinking of alcohol leading to psychological and physical dependence or addiction† (â€Å"Alcoholism†). Drinking while driving is against the law and an arrestable offense. Many argue that drinking alcohol moderately, in a safe environment will not cause harm. Despite this, it is more complicated when people drink without limiting themselves which can lead to hostility and long-term effects on the brain and the people in your life. People should no t drink alcohol because it can cause drinking and driving whichRead MoreDriving Under the Influence4388 Words   |  18 PagesRunning head: Driving While Intoxicated Driving While Intoxicated SIM American University-Online Instructor Paul Jake Table of Contents Abstract 3 Driving While Intoxicated 4 DWI Offenders 5 Statistics 5 Type of Crime 7 Identifying 8 Facts and Myths 9 Sanctions and Counter Measures 10 Current Sentencing 11 Cost 12 Court 14 Current Preventions 15 Proposed Solutions 15 Read MoreDrunk Driving Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesDrunk Driving is an genuine issue that proceeds on take many passing’s every year. A really a lot of people existence have been lost to drunk driving crashes. An passing from drunk driving doesnt just influence the victimized person yet all the it influences Everybody around them for example, such that crew and companions. You quit offering on that one night, person drink, one confuse is every last bit it takes to drunk driving on make its toll. There are a lot of people answers for forestall drunkRead MoreResearch on the Legalization of Marijuana Essay examples3086 Words   |  13 Pagesmarijuana and alcohol in combination. Alcohol has already proven to be a lethal drug, especially when driving, but together with marijuana, the effects are much greater than either drug alone. As in a comparison between both of them, alcohol has many more damages to the human body and mental psyche than marijuana. Both drugs can become dependent upon, and the effects can be life destroying. Alcohol, as a physical harm places stress upon the body that could make it react by not eating. Alcohol depletesRead MoreThe Myths Of Legalizing Marijuana1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Myths of Legalizing Marijuana A controversial social topic surrounding our time has been the issue of legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes. Cannabis sativa, also known as marijuana, was classified by the United States government as a class I drug in 1970, which means that it is against the law to possess and distribute this illegal substance (Source 2). However, in recent years, many states have made marijuana more accessible for medical and recreational use. States such as ColoradoRead More Legalize It: The Necessity For Marijuana Law Reform Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesillegal settings, I can say that the title â€Å"illegal drug† should not apply to cannabis. The reason that I believe this is because I do not feel that marijuana is a threat to my personal safety, nor is it a threat to the safety of people that are around me if I was to be smoking it in their vicinity. I am not a violent person, and do not consider myself to be a criminal based on what plants I have smoked. While I belie ve that cannabis should be legalized in every way, there are some people thatRead MoreThe United States Should Lower the Legal Drinking Age to Eighteen1930 Words   |  8 PagesThe current policy that the United States has in effect criminalizes youth who consume alcohol at less than twenty one years of age. Young adults are going to drink under twenty one, so why shouldn’t the United States lower the MLDA to eighteen? Following Prohibition in 1933, many states made their MLDA twenty one. During the 1960’s and 1970’s, many states lowered it to eighteen to match the drafting age (Alcohol Policy MD). President Reagan passed The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 whichRead More The Problem of Teen Alcoholism in the United States Essay3674 Words   |  15 Pages Teen alcoholism is a problem that has been plaguing the United States for many decades now. The legal age for alcohol consumption is twenty-one years old in every state of the United States, but th is law is commonly broken. The fact that it has not been strictly enforced caused an outbreak of alcohol consumption between minors all over, and because of this, we have been accepting teenage drinking more than ever. The problem lies in the lack of law enforcement, the acceptance by parents and guardians

Example Sociology Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1172 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Question 2 What impact has social policy in Britain had on minority ethnic groups? One of the greatest challenges for social policy in Britain has been to encompass minority ethnic groups, and in many ways it has failed to achieve this. Bochel points out that for many years social policy has been reluctant to recognize ethnic diversity, intending to be universal in character, so the issue of race has long been overlooked. This has had a significant impact on minority ethnic groups as the discrimination that they most definitely suffer in the labour market and in the community has not been properly addressed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Sociology Essay" essay for you Create order Research has shown that men and women from ethnic minority groups are twice as likely to be unemployed as white Britons, and other social indicators echo this pattern. Ethnic minorities are also more likely to undertake low-paid, low-skilled work, and the vicious circle that stems from this inferior housing, poorer living standards, and substandard schools in deprived areas is actually partly caused by the welfare state system, which institutionalises this discrimination. The unique problems faced by ethnic minorities must be addressed individually, and until recently social policy has failed to do this. Furthermore, the emphasis on tackling crime that has underpinned New Labours social policy and that of the previous Conservative governments has impacted on ethnic minorities due to the often discriminatory nature of initiatives to cut crime. The stop and search programme is unfairly targeted toward black youths, to the extent that many believe being black is tantamount to a social problem (McGhee, 2005). Such flaws in British social policy have undoubtedly contributed to a growing sense of isolation amongst ethnic minority groups, and thus it could be argued that social policy is often more harmful than beneficial. Question 3 What are the essential characteristics of conservative welfare states? Given that welfare states are normally associated with left of centre governments, and the supposed hostility of conservative right wing parties toward high levels of state intervention, the term conservative welfare states seems somewhat of an anomaly. Nonetheless, there are definite examples of conservative states that not only refrain from fighting the welfare state but actually encourage the dependence of citizens on the government. This can be traced back to the Bismarckian corporatist system of 19th century Germany, in which it was seen as in the interests of the state to look after the welfare of its citizens. This type of welfare state (in its extreme form) is less about reducing inequality and improving citizens lives than it is maintaining the status quo a hierarchical system based on a culture of dependence (Esping-Anderson, 1990). Conservative welfare states are often religious and/or nationalist in nature, with a strong emphasis on family values. Epitomising suc h characteristics is arguably George Bushs current reign. Despite initial cuts in public expenditure, government spending has actually increased faster under Bush than it did under Bill Clinton, with an increase of almost 33%. The religious aspect of Bushs conservative system is illustrated with reference to his 2001 pledge to give billions of dollars to faith-based charities. Accepting the inevitability of big government (and thus the end of Conservative emphasis on cutting spending), the republican government under Bush has prioritised public spending partly according to religious preferences. Therefore, a conservative welfare state is one which uses welfare as a control mechanism, to advance a particular way of thinking for instance religion, nationalism on its citizens. Question 4 What have been the most significant changes in the size and use of public social expenditure in the UK in the past 30 years? The 1970s certainly marked a watershed in British history with regard to the welfare state; however, to claim that the past 30 years has witnessed a roll-back of the state and a decline in public spending is at best too simplistic and at worst incorrect. In fact, research has shown that from the late 1970s, public spending as a proportion of GDP has remained fairly stable. Thatcher certainly espoused the merits of small government and individualism and bemoaned the high levels of government spending associated with the economic crises of the 1970s, but the welfare state had become entrenched in British society, practically to the point of no return. There have, though, been significant changes in the use of public spending, as governments have been forced to re-prioritise spending (Alcock et al). For example, spending on education has increased in the past 30 years, whereas the Conservative and New Labour governments have attempted to tighten their budgets in the area of inco me support through an increase in means testing for benefits. NHS spending has also increased significantly under Labour following the 1999 Comprehensive Spending Review, by approximately 4.7% annually (Alcock et al). Ultimately, governments in the past 30 years have strived to improve the efficiency of public services, and this has accounted for the changes in the use of public social expenditure. Question 5 What was distinctive about the classic welfare state in Britain from the 1940s to the 1970s? Although it is important not to overlook the pre-1940 foundations upon which the welfare state was built, one cannot deny that the concept of the welfare state was most fully realized in Britain between 1940 and 1970. Building on the strong sense of collectivism that characterized the war years, the public and the government alike reached the consensus that state intervention was necessary to ensure that Britain would meet its full economic potential. It is widely regarded that the subsequent policies stemmed from a combination of the economic philosophy of John Maynard Keynes and the social philosophy of William Beveridge. The fact that a basic framework of social policy emerged for the first time was distinctive because it complemented the political and economic rights afforded to citizens from the turn of the century. Moreover, it represented the beginning of a rights-based citizenship in Britain (Alcock et al). It was also effectively the first time since the development of political parties that the common good of the nation prevailed over partisan differences. Asa Briggs classic essay identified three principal elements of the welfare state which were distinctive from the pre-war period. The aim was to ensure the guarantee of minimum standards (including income), social protection by the state at times of need and the provision of services at a maximum level (Briggs, 1985). Another distinctive factor was that this protection was to be universal unlike the poor laws of the Victorian times, access to welfare was to be free at the point of delivery for all, without the stigma previously attached to welfare support. Of course, the ideal of the welfare state was never truly realized and disagreements regarding policy were common, but the consensus that emerged from the Second World War undoubtedly marked a major turning point in British history regarding the development of social policy. References Alcock, C. Introducing Social Policy, Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. Bochel, H. Social Policy: Issues and Development, Oxford University Press, 2005 Briggs, A. The Collected Essays of Asa Briggs, Harvester Press, 1985 Esping-Anderson, G. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge, 1990 McGhee, D. Intolerant Britain, Open University Press, 2005

The Epic Of Inferno And William Shakespeare s Play King Lear

Dante Alighieri’s epic poem Inferno and William Shakespeare’s play King Lear are works that examine human suffering. They delve into the very depths of the good and bad of mankind through the lives of various characters. Two characters in particular, Dante the Pilgrim from Inferno and Edmund from King Lear suffer from the corruption of their societies, but in time, they each come to realize their own hand in their sufferings. The characters begin their stories with desires to end their pain, but they follow different pathways to reach their goals. Dante follows his reason out of despair and into the light while Edmund scorns society and embraces his sinful nature to conquer his pain. First, the sufferings of the characters must be examined. Much of Dante’s pain is a result of his own sin while Edmund initially suffers at the hands of an unjust society. The suffering sinners that Dante views bring their punishments on themselves by following instincts, fulf illing desires, and hurting others. In turn, Dante suffers through his misplaced pity of the punished souls. As he travels throughout Hell, he realizes that the souls created their own Hell in both life and in death. This revelation forces Dante to confront the psychological pain that his own sins inflict while on earth. When the poem begins, Dante â€Å"had wandered off from the straight path,† and he later learns in Hell that his sinful actions are at fault (Dante 1.3). To rid himself of his own suffering, Dante

Plight of U.S. Farmers and Workers Free Essays

The structure and style of politics in the late nineteenth century were evolving based on what party held power in our government. Social, religious, ethnic and regional factors determined party ties but third parties were emerging. Consider the conditions In America on the eve of the 20th Century. We will write a custom essay sample on Plight of U.S. Farmers and Workers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Write a minimum of two paragraphs for the following discussion prompt: What problems did U. S. Farmers and workers face In the sass and how did they try to solve them? The prices of the crops were falling and were at an low and there wasn’t end in sight due to things as of the weather and other death rising factors like materials being over produced in the North and the East while the West and the South struggled. Goldfield, 2014) This added so much hardship for so many farmers that most could not afford to pay for the cost for using the railroad to ship their goods and as crops failed, It made It Impossible for the farmers to pay off their debts and many farmers lost their farms, lands, crops and all other sources of income forcing many onto sharecropping, (Goldfield, 2014) This led a need for change and people started looking for other options. They pleaded for help from the Government, but showing that they cared little to none and by doing nothing to help the people left planning and coming up with their own solution, â€Å"Farmers Alliance† (Goldfield, 2014) This was a big playoff with so much against such Like many to most people were still separated by race and neither could grow past the pettiness to try to think of even helping each there with such preformed alliance and even with such like economic and political reform smoothly for most more deeper separation based on race. Made this a long sighted has black farmers, including the leaders that were colored and section of the Farmers Alliance were killed an of the Farmers Alliance that came followed by depression and it was one out for themselves. The Government had no control with more violence that ruled the people and the streets. The railroad had over expended, hundreds of banks closed, along with thousands of businesses. (Goldfield, 2014) Since o much money stopped flowing at one time there was no way for the economy to come back to life. In order for the depression to end, the people needed jobs and they needed farms that could support the Nation. They had to have banks that could provide lines of credit to get the Nation Jump started. With the fall of the economy In other Nations only added to our turmoil and they cost too much to use as export markets. Which Is reason exporting trade system came right with or after. References Goldfield, D. , Abbot, C. Anderson, V. Reselling,J. Argentines, P, Barney (2014). How to cite Plight of U.S. Farmers and Workers, Papers

Contemporary Issues in Business Symptom of the European Crisis

Question: 1. The identification and justification of a contemporary issue in business for investigation. This issue should be consistent with your programme title and level 6 study (worth 20 marks); 2. The development of a coherent and critical literature review consistent with the identified contemporary business issue drawing on both academic and practitioner sources (worth 40 marks);3. The development of a coherent and critical synthesis of the academic and practitioner literature resulting in the identification of best practice with respect to the management of the identified contemporary issue in business. Answer: Introduction Various contemporary issues are faced by a business and the problem mainly includes the legal and the technological issues. The withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) is termed as Brexit. The British will exit from EU, and that is the reason it is termed as Brexit. The new local developments are abreast by the firm planners. Uncertainty has been created after the UK made the decision to leave the EU as the Tech companies which are based in the UK normally employ the nationals from EU (DesJardins McCall, 2014). The report mainly provides a newsworthy introduction to the business environment in the UK. The aim of the report is to provide a basic understanding of the theory and the factors that lead to the contemporary issues. The European Union that is EU is the largest trade partner of the UK which accounts for half of the exports and imports in UK. The economy of the UK is also affected by the EU membership, and it leads to lower barriers to trade. However, if UK leaves EU, it will result in less trade between the UK and the EU which, is mainly due to higher tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade (Koutrakos, 2016). In the long-run one of the contemporary issues that will be faced in the UK, business is the slower productivity growth. The foreign direct investment and the economic regulation in the UK will also be affected if the UK leaves the EU. The yearly net immigration has more than doubled from the EU which reached almost 183,000 in the year 2015 (Green et al., 2016). The future relationship between the UK and the EU will decide the power of the UK to restrict immigration. In order to retain the full access to the single market, the UK needs to allow the free trade between the UK and the EU. More than of the exports in the UK depend on the EU. As a result, more than 63 percent of the UK goods exports of the multinational companies are associated with the EU membership (Dustmann Frattini, 2014). Identification of contemporary business issue One of the primary sources of concern related to the businesses in Britain is the possibility that the UK might leave EU that is the European Union. This will, in turn, damage the UK economy as well as the business in UK. As a result, the regulatory divergence will get increased over the time which in turn will reduce the volume of trade in the UK. This will have an impact on the businesses that has invested in the Europe and also the trading that takes place in the UK. The UK will have the probability of striking new trade deals based on the domestic precedence. However, the country will have a lower priority in other countries as compared to that of EU (Eleftheriadis et al., 2016). Year Imports from EU/Total imports Exports to EU/Total Exports 1975 45% 43% 1985 55% 53% 1995 51% 55% 2005 48% 52% 2015 45% 50% Figure: The imports from and the exports to EU (Source: Foundation, 2016) The quantitative model is considered in this case to show the estimate of how leaving EU will affect the multinationals in the UK regarding trade. The Multinationals in the UK would end up with little control over the financial rules if they leave EU. The single market in EU employs three tools in order to increase the trade in UK. It is mainly done by eliminating the tariff on the goods. It also reduces the cost of the probable exporters (Darvas, 2016). The EU generates minimum authoritarian standards and as a result, it requires all the member states to allow goods that meet the terms of the criteria. The multinational company in the UK brings in employers from other countries with the help of intra-company transfers to a superior degree than elsewhere in the EU. As a result, the firm makes use of the knowledge of the workers regarding the market of the domestic country. The contemporary business issues faced by UK Multinational companies after UK leaving EU Trading Block are as follows: Sterling One of the most vital contemporary business issues that will be faced by the UK Multinational corporations is the sink in the pound sterling 30 percent. As per the former chief European strategist at the investment bank UBS, the danger of leaving EU is much larger than one can imagine. According to him, a 12 percent fall in the pound against the dollar is one of the biggest dangers. This, in turn, will affect the multinational companies in the UK as the price of the fuel will accelerate on a larger basis. As a result, the foreign holidays will be more expensive (Crines et al., 2016). Figure: The estimate of the impact of Brexit on the British economy (%GDP) (Source: Woodford Funds, 2016) Trade The exports will, as a result, become comparatively cheaper due to the fall in the sterling. However, the exports will become cheaper for a relatively shorter period of time. The UK multinationals company would face the barriers to trade in the form of higher tariffs. It has also been reported, that the GDP in the UK will be more than 2 percent lower than in the counterfactual in the year 2030. It will be mainly due to the combined impact of the trade (Schoof et al., 2015). Year Exports Imports 2004 9.5 3 2005 9.9 4 2006 14 4.8 2007 16 4.9 2008 22 5.2 2009 18 4.2 2010 17 4.2 2011 20 4.5 2012 19.9 4.4 2013 19.8 4.4 Figure: The Trade of the UK with the EU (Source: Woodford Funds, 2016) Employment The service sector that mainly trades with the EU will be hugely affected. As a result, the business that profoundly depends on the migrants will switch to employing the UK nationals. The multinational company in the UK mostly employs the nationals from the EU. However, the decision of UK to leave EU will lead to uncertainty. This also affects the non-UK based employees negatively. The EU workers will also not be able to live in the UK in the long-run. The Multinationals which are mostly IT based will find it difficult to get the IT professionals as it becomes costly for them to recruit the IT professionals from EU. The government in the UK, as a result, has faced appeal to remain open to the EU talent from the multinationals who operate out of UK. Multinationals The multinationals will be significantly affected, and the US rivals will gain a competitive advantage. Rolls-Royce, for instance, is one of the key employers that have warned against leaving the EU. Three-quarters of the workers employed by Rolls-Royce are from EU, and the major customers of Rolls-Royce are the European Aircraft maker Airbus. The multinationals in the UK will face a period of uncertainty, and the uncertainty will be such that the multinationals will not be able to cope with. The business of the multinationals will be greatly harmed as the industries are mostly foreign owned. EU Funding The EU funding will be hugely affected as Britain is one of the principal beneficiaries of the EU funding. As per the reports, the EU research funding to the UK has topped 04 billion. The funding has helped most of the multinationals to set in motion. As a result, most of the EU startups also moved to the UK capital. However, these companies will now be under threat, by some approximation. An assurance was won by UK that it will not suffer any unfairness being outside the euro zone. The reason for the assurance was that Europe was the major financial center of UK, and the underlying reason was to protect the country. In turn, the UK promised not to block deeper euro zone incorporation (Ottaviano et al., 2014). The reduction in the fiscal contribution As per the reports, the average annual gross contribution to the EU from the average of the UK is around 9 billion. Hence, if UK leaves EU in that case UK will no longer be able to make any budgetary contribution. Year Net Contribution Public Sector Receipts UK Rebate 2008 2 8 14.8 2009 5 9 14.9 2010 9 11 15.4 2011 8 11 15.2 2012 10 14 16 2013 11 14.9 17 2014 9 14.8 19 2015 8 11 18 2016 12 15 19.5 2017 7 14 18 2018 8 14.9 18.9 2019 9 15 20 Figure: The contribution of UK to the budget of EU (Source: Hargreaves Lansdown, 2016) Critical literature review The economic consequences are complicated due to the decision made by the UK to leave EU. The reduced integration with the EU countries will be expected to cost the UK economy far more than is achieved from lower contribution to the EU budget. As a result, the GDP of the UK will fall which will be mainly due to the static losses due to the lower trade with the EU. The UK will also not be the part of the contentious TTIP trade deal between the US and the EU. The UK-born workers are especially harmed regarding jobs, wages as well as access to the public services due to the immigration of the individuals from (EU Novy, 2014). The reduction in the financial output as well as the movements that is associated with a possible exit of the UK from the EU will have a negative impact on both the demand as well as the investment. This will in turn lead to the reduction in the employment in the multinational companies in the UK. The employment level is estimated to fall between 1.7 percent and 2.9 percent (Ottaviano et al., 2014). Figure: The Impact of the EU exit (Source: Created by Author) As per the reports, the industry in the UK has benefited from the partnership of the research in Europe, and the researchers have performed well in the EU competition. However, outside EU, the UK would lose the benefits from scale and influence over policy in areas such as energy. As per most of the economists, Brexit will lead to awful ripple effects and as a result, UK will lose the favorable access to the markets in the Europe. The business investment will eventually desiccate and UK will in turn fall over into recession (Piris, 2016). If UK leaves EU, the multinationals will face the uncertainty as the investment activities will be lowered and this will, in turn, lead to the lowering of hiring. The multinationals would also lead to an instant slowdown of growth. One of the major reasons that will lead to the negative future of the UK Multinational companies after UK leaving EU Trading Block will be that the companies will no longer be able to get benefitted from lower tariffs. The growth prospect of the country will be hurt due to the restriction on the immigration. The country will become poorer due to Brexit (Busch Matthes, 2016). As opined by Minford et al., (2015), by removing the tariff as well as the non-tariff barriers which are erected by EU, the UK will gain benefit due to the significant fall in the price of the imports. As per the reports, the tariff-equivalent of EU of all protectionist measures is around 16 percent. If for instance, Jaguar cars are taken into consideration, in this case, it can be noticed that there are a certain price around the world as a brand of luxury car. Jaguar a car mainly competes with the luxury brands which includes BMW, Mercedes, Porsche as well as Audi. As a result, Jaguar has to price its product in such a manner such that it is compatible with the price of its competitors. The prices of the product are mainly drive by the upper middle class in such a way that the demand for the product equals its supply. However, if for instance, the UK leaves EU in that case, Thailand, for example, can impose a higher tariff on the Jaguar. As a result, the price of the Jaguars will increase dramatically in Thailand. Figure: The impact on the GDP of the UK due to Brexit (Source: Created by Author) As opined by Booth et al., (2015), the majority of the trades in UK are conducted by EU. The European Commission also represents the UK as it is the full member of the EU. As a result, the EU has a broad-ranging regulatory impact on the entire financial system of the UK. They further opined, If the EU and the US are successful in concluding an agreement, withdrawal from the EU would see the UK potentially excluded from the two biggest preferential trading arrangements in the world. There will also be a high probability of the cost of losing access to the single market. The single market in the Europe is more than a free trade agreement without tariff. The goods can, as a result, move freely as all the members adhere to common services (Pelkmans, 2016) As opined by Oliver Williams, (2016), if the UK leaves EU it will lead to inward investment which will be mainly due to the outcome. It will also lead to the fear that the makers of the car will downsize, or they might even end their production in the UK. As a result, the vehicles will no longer be exported tax-free to Europe. Most of the employees would lose their jobs due to the fall in trade and investment. This will, in turn, affect the multinational companies in the UK. If UK leaves EU, in that case, a decline in immigration will create more jobs for the local people. However, the shortages in the labor will hold back the economy and as a result, will reduce the potential for growth. Brexit will have a little impact on the UK growth in the medium term. As a result, there will be a chance that will lead to inflation. Brexit will probably have a negative shock to the economy which, will lead to the uncertainty about the future of the multinational companies in the UK (Baker et al., 2016). It has also been pointed out by the author that if UK leaves EU, in that case, UK, will be able to reinstate itself as a genuinely sovereign nation with association with the rest of the world. However, Brexit will lead the country to give up its influence in Europe by turning back the clock and moving back from the global power network of the 21st century (Dorling, 2016). As opined by Leahy Gottlieb, (2016), the multinationals in the UK will have the hardest hit as the pound sterling, and the share prices will fall significantly. In order to stalk the fall in sterling, the Bank of England will increase the rate of interest in the short term. The foreign direct investment in the UK increases the national productivity and also the output and wages. The multinational firms bring in better technological and decision-making knowledge. The international firm comparatively pays higher wages as compared to the domestic companies and as a result, FDI brings in more benefits. However, if the UK leaves the EU, it might lead to the fall in the FDI. The UK is an attractive export platform for the multinationals as it is a single market and they do not bear potentially large costs from tariff as well as non-tariff barriers. The multinationals in the UK also have a multifaceted supply chain and many organization costs between their headquarters and the local branches. However, if the UK leaves the EU, it will become tough to manage. The FDI will also be dampened due to the uncertainty over the shape of the future trade arrangements between the UK and the EU (Ebell Warren, 2016). As opined by Bloom et al., (2012), the multinationals in the UK boost the productivity through the improved technologies as well as the administration practices. The UK multinational companies which are operating in EU needs to comply with the product standards of EU as well as the competition rules of EU. The UK, as a result, needs to continue to operate under the competition rule of EU. As a result, Brexit will provide both cost and benefit to UK and EU. As per the employers of the multinationals, the immigrants from the EU are likely to be much better as compared to that of the UK citizen. They are much more talented and as a result, it will affect the future production of the multinational companies. As opined by Dhingra et al., (2016), the most successful part of the UK manufacturing is cars. However, as per the recent trend, most of the investments that are performed by the car manufacturers are on the new automobiles which will be mainly for sale in the EU market. The automotive industry contributed to more than 5.1 percent of the UK exports in the year 2014. In the case of the automobile industries, Brexit will prove to be disadvantageous. The car production in the UK will become less attractive due to the increase in the trade cost. As a result, it will be made more expensive to ship to the rest of Europe. The coordination cost between the headquarters and the local production plants will also get increased. As opined by Springford, (2014), the immigrants from the EU acted as a boon and not as a burden for the multinational companies in the UK. The immigrants are mainly young and energetic and as a result, they pay more in taxes as compared to the benefits that they take out. The EU immigrants are less likely to take up the benefits as compared to that of the local population in the UK. However, if the UK leaves the EU in that case the government in the UK will have the major probability to restrain the immigration from rest of the Europe. However, immigration, on the other hand, has affected the existing population of the UK in terms of employment. The average UK workers will be worse off due to the fact that the increased immigration had affected the local population. Though, the output and the production of the country and the companies are increased due to a large number of EU individuals migrating to the UK but, the overall population rate is getting affected. This, in turn, will also affect the multinational companies in the UK (Forde Slater, 2016). In recent decades, the demand for both the high and the low-skilled workers has increased in the UK. As a result, the demand for the immigrants has also increased from EU and the supply of the immigrants has also increased (Czaika De Haas, 2013). Identification of best practices Best practices are mainly defined as the methods which are mostly suitable under the circumstances that are considered satisfactory as well as regulated in business. As per the eurosceptics in the UK, it is claimed that the membership of the UK has been destabilized by the fall in the proportion of the trade in UK which, is accounted for by the EU. As per the reports, Britain will hardly have any problem while negotiating a free trade agreement with the EU due to the fact that UK has a large trade deficit with the rest of the Union (Vasilopoulou, 2016) The best practices that are identified after the UK left EU is that the UK will also get liberated from loads of the regulation of EU. As a result, the multinational companies will be able to boost the trade with faster-developing parts of the world. This can be done by getting rid of the tariff as well as signing trade agreements without the restraints of the membership of the EU. The EU has become a less imperative market for the UK as the euro zone has not been able to engineer a continued economy recovery (Crafts, 2016). The UK multinational company needs to utilize the natural workers turnover in order to decrease the number of highly skilled immigrant workers they hire. As a result, the companies in the UK need to scrutinize their strategy of talent in order to ensure that they sustain top talent in the companies (Kierzenkowski et al., 2016). The best practice should also include the fact that the companies should invest more on the education of the domestic employees in order to replace them with the employees of the EU. This will by far be the best practice that the UK decided to exit EU. The reason is that the British will now get their money back. Most of the taxes that are paid by the UK go the European Union. However, the money does not come back to the UK in the form of subsidiaries to the companies in the UK. Regarding the biggest contributor, UK is the second largest contributor to the EU budget after Germany (Simionescu, 2016). The EU members also allow most of the citizen from EU to enter the UK and work for their multinational companies. As per the reports, more than 257,000 EU national entered UK to work in the year 2015. The multinational companies in the UK also had to undergo the laws that were implemented at the EU level (Featherstone, 2016). The UK will no longer be the part of the VAT treaty of the EU. As a result, the best practice will include the fact that the UK will have the liberty to select its low rate of VAT to stimulate the economy. The trade will also become flexible after the exit takes place. The UK will be benefited if it joins the 26 obtainable agreements along with Switzerland in order to negotiate the free trade agreement (Edward, 2013). The aim to leave EU acted as a positive and a constructive vision of sovereignty as well as openness to the world. The positive spirit will help to drive the country for the next steps. The country has got a chance to get rid of the political superstructure of the EU. The multinational companies in the UK that employ the EU employees will need to consider the inherent authority of the British Exit that is Brexit on their future hiring and the overall best practices (Todd, 2016). The labor force management solution will help the companies to fulfill with the employment legislation that includes the right-to-work law. The competitive multinational corporations will be able to retain their best talent if they make use of the tools such as the availability management, flexible benefits and shift trading (Baker Schnapper, 2015). Figure: Economic Interaction in the GCE Model (Source: Created by Author) The GCE model facilitates to account explicitly for the impact of trade relationship. It mainly focuses on the trade relationship as it is obvious that the trade relationship will change once UK leaves the EU. The GCE model takes into account the various macroeconomic variables that include GDP, employment, exports as well as imports and investment, in order to venture the impact of the exit of UK from EU. In the GCE model, the government performs two roles. The two roles that are played by the government involve the collecting of the taxes and the spending of money (Tao et al., 2014). The UK also needs to sign more trade deals with the non-EU countries. The UK also requires submitting of the new schedule after the conclusion of an exit agreement with the EU. This needs to be carried out by the UK in order to remain a WTO member. The new schedule needs to be carried by each of the members of the WTO. As opined by Busch Matthes, (2016) Trade is a very important part of the transmission mechanism through which much of the benefit of the Single Market filters through. The US and the UK can negotiate a free trade area based on the principles of national dominion and the monetary freedom. However, both the nation was unable to do so as the European Union acted as the barrier. The UK companies can also trade with the EU on the tariff free and quota free base. Under the common commercial policy of the EU, the UK needs to confer a single deal with 27 enduring states of the EU. The ability of UK to trade with the US will not be affected on the current terms (James Cardwell, 2016). The best practice is to remove the EU as it is acting as a barrier between the UK and the US in terms of free trade between the multinational companies. In order to regain the authority, the UK must leave the EU. As a result, the country will gain a broader control over the trade, and also the future of the multinational companies will flourish. The generation of the EU is known to create a much wider damage to the UK. The reason is that the UK has a much broader trading relation outside Europe that is with non-EU countries (Bevir et al., 2015). Although the EU is the largest market in the world, however, it is also the only declining trade bloc in the world. The importance of the EU has reduced due to the collapsing share of worldwide GDP and the lethargic rate of growth. The UK can freely pursue an international trade with both China and US in the absence of the EU (Bekaert et al., 2013). Figure: The decrease in the total imports and exports (Source: Trade Statistics, 2016) As per the above graph, it can be seen that the sales of the UK goods to the EU decreased by 8 percent to a six-year low of just 134 billion in the year 2015. The graph shows that the total export of trade in the month of May for the present year was 23.4 billion. This was a decline of 4.3 percent as compared to that of the last month. The total import of trade in the month of May for the present year was 36.1 billion. This was a decline of 11.1 percent as compared to the last month. Conclusion It can be thus being concluded that UK will have the probability of striking new trade deals based on the domestic precedence. However, the country will have a lower priority in other countries as compared to that of EU. The UK will no longer be the part of the VAT treaty of the EU. As a result, the best practice will include the fact that the UK will have the liberty to select its low rate of VAT in order to stimulate the economy. The car industry contributed to more than 5.1 percent of the UK exports in the year 2014. In the case of the automobile industries, Brexit will prove to be disadvantageous. As a result, the vehicles will no longer be exported tax-free to Europe. Most of the employers would lose their jobs due to the fall in trade and investment. The multinationals would also lead to an instant slowdown of growth. 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