The management of salivary gland infection Essay

The management of salivary gland infection - Essay Example The management of these two types of salivary gland infection is possible with certain preventive measures and treatments. In certain cases, treatment is not required for curing these infections. The acute bacterial infection of the salivary glands occurs because of two important physiological mechanisms. Firstly, there are certain bacteria present in the oral cavity. Due to poor oral hygiene, the salivary duct and parenchyma tissue inhabited by these bacteria is contaminated which results in the infection. Secondly, the obstruction of salivary gland results in the stasis of salivary flow through the ducts and parenchyma promotes acute suppurative infection. The bacterial infection can affect any of the three pairs of the salivary glands however the most commonly affected gland is the Parotid gland. Several physiological and anatomic factors attribute to the predilection of the Parotid gland's infection. The composition of the Parotid gland secretion is completely different from that of the submandibular and sublingual glands. The saliva secreted by the Parotid gland is serous while that of the other two glands have higher proportion of mucinous material. The kind of saliva secreted by the other two glands contains lysosomes and IgA antibodies, which serve an antimicrobial function in protecting these glands from the bacterial infection. Mucins also contain sialic acid, which agglutinates bacteria, preventing its adherence to host tissues. Finally, specific glycoproteins found in mucins bind epithelial cells, competitively inhibiting bacterial attachment to these cells. There are certain anatomic factors as well that contribute to the p redilection of the parotid gland's infection. Stensen's duct lies adjacent to the upper mandibular molars, whereas Wharton's ducts rests on the floor of the mouth near the tongue. Tongue mobility may prevent salivary stasis in the area of warton's ducts, reducing the rate of infections involving the submandibular gland. The submandibular gland is more prone to bacterial infection rather than the sublingual gland in spite of its composition. Sialothiasis can produce mechanical obstruction of the duct, resulting in salivary stasis and subsequent bacterial infection. Calculus formation is associated frequently with acute bacterial infections of the submandibular gland because Wharton's duct is far more likely to harbor a calculus than stensen's duct.85 % to 90% of salivary calculi is located in the submandibular duct. Submandibular secretions are more mucinous than parotid secretions and therefore more viscid. They are also more alkaline containing a higher percentage of calcium phosphates. These characteristics contributes to the formation of submandibular calculi, despite the submandibular gland's predisposition for calculus formation. The parotid gland remains the most common site of acute suppurative salivary infection. Sialography, a method used for diagnosis of the internal structure of the salivary gland can also result in the infection of the submandibular glands rather than sublingual glands. There are small and numerous sublingual ducts which may not allow the catheter to enter unless there are anatomic variations.[ Bailey, Byron , Healy, Gerald ., Johnson, Jonas , Jackler, Robert , Calhoun, Karen , Pillsbury, Harold ,

Censorship :: essays research papers

Censorship and the Internet Biram Mboob London School of Economics B.mboob@lse.ac.uk "Inevitably, being an uncontrolled system, means that the Internet will be subjected to subversive applications of some unscrupulous users." (Kershaw) The concept of the Internet was created in answer to a strategic problem faced by the United States government during the Cold war era. A nuclear attack would easily disrupt a traditional computer network and hence make communication impossible. The solution was found in a new type of network. A network where all nodes would be equal in status, that is to say each could send and receive messages. The resulting projects were the first steps towards the birth of the Internet, as we know it. Today, the Internet consists of several parts, which include the World Wide Web, FTP, IRC, News groups, Gopher, WAIS, Archie, and Email. The Internet is continuing to grow at a rate of 40% a year, with roughly 20 million users to date. Over the past few yea rs, the issue of Internet censorship has been subject to an unprecedented amount of controversy. Both sides of the debate present very strong arguments about why the Internet should or should not be censored. The point most often brought forward by advocates of Internet censorship is that â€Å"inappropriate† material can all too easily land in the hands of children via this powerful new medium. â€Å"Inappropriate† mostly describes the sexually explicit and racist material that is easily found on the Internet. The debate that currently rages however centres mainly on pornographic material. The essay is divided into three content-based sections. The first section examines the data that is available about pornography on the Internet. Conclusions on significance of the data are offered. Section two examines the legal issues and difficulties surrounding the idea of censorship. The final section discusses alternative ways of protecting children from pornography and offers a final conclusion on the attributes of the problem and the suggestion of a solution. Censorship of Internet is a big issue and not much of it can be covered in an essay at this level. The essay deliberately focuses only on pornography. While many aspects had to be left out and others discussed minimally, the result of this essay remains a brief synopsis of relevant issues and conclusions on these issues. Section 1 In early 1995, a research team at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania released one of the most revealing studies into online pornography.

Medical Field

Chiropractic surgeons perform procedures you may have heard of such as heart bypass surgery, heart valve repair/replacement and an also be involved with operative procedures to treat ailments such as lung cancer and emphysema, and chest trauma. .NET- Or tautology's, concentrates on the ear, nose and throat. .NET surgeons treat a diverse range of problems from hearing loss to tumors, thyroid disorders and even cosmetic procedures such as rhinestones (surgery on the nose). They are concerned with some of the most important sensory areas and help patients with problems hearing, smelling, tasting and speaking.General Surgery- General surgeons broadly speaking deal with the abdominal organs and the torso. Surgeons usually develop a sub-specialty of this wide ranging area of surgery, such as trauma, collaborate, upper Castro-intestinal, habitability, breast or endocrine surgery. General surgery is one of the most common specialties. Neurosurgery- Disorders that affect the nervous system, i ncluding the brain, spinal column and cord and other nerves throughout the body, are often treated surgically by neurosurgeons.They frequently operate on conditions like brain tumors and aneurysms, head injuries, severe back injuries and other spinal defects or diseases. Ophthalmology- Ophthalmologists examine, diagnose and treat medical and surgical robbers of the eye. These can include eye injuries, infections, tumors and cataracts. Oral and Monomaniacal Surgery- This specialty, sometimes known as oral and ‘Max fax' surgery, requires both a medical and a dental degree from university. MOBS focuses on the mouth, Jaws, face and neck and surgeons deal with Injuries, diseases and defects of these areas.Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery- These specialists deal with the restoration and development of bones, joints and muscles and sometimes concentrate on a particular area such as sports injuries, upper limbs, hips and knees or feet and ankles. There are more trauma and orthopedic surg eons than most other specialties. Pediatric Surgery- Infants and children can often require specialist surgical treatment, usually provided by pediatric surgeons, who deal with neonates through to teenagers and frequently treat cases such as congenital abnormalities (present at birth), trauma, cancers and urological problems.Plastic Surgery- Plastic surgeons work on all parts of the body with the primary aim of restoring function and appearance. They repair and reconstruct damaged skin and tissue. Sometimes their work can be cosmetic, or aesthetic, and performed on patients who choose to have procedures to enhance heir appearance. Urology- This specialty concentrates on the urinary tract of men and women and on the reproductive system of men. Some of the disorders and Vascular Surgery – This specialty concentrates on the vascular system (arteries and veins). The specialty evolved from general and cardiac surgery.Some of the disorders vascular surgeons deal with include deep v ein thrombosis, varicose veins and Lymphoma. Surgery is an extremely rewarding but competitive career choice. Training to become a surgeon can be a long and challenging process, and surgeons need to be very driven and passionate in order to succeed. A surgeon's time is not Just spent in the operating theatre working on anesthetized patients; they also spend a great deal of time in outpatient treatment rooms assessing and preparing patients for surgery, and on hospital wards seeing patients before and after surgical treatment.Good communication skills are essential, as surgeons must build good rapport with patients as well as work effectively with other hospital and medical staff (such as nurses, physicians and anesthetists). To become a successful surgeon, you will need to enjoy learning and be prepared to learn new skills and techniques throughout our career. You will also need to be a good teacher, and be able to share your skills with younger and less experienced surgeons as you progress throughout your career.In short; surgeons work hard, but the work most often improves, enhances or saves other people's lives, which as you can imagine is incredibly rewarding. After University Beyond your years at medical school, you can look forward to many further years of training to become a surgeon! Immediately after finishing medical school, all graduates are required to work for two years as foundation doctors, which involves ark in a hospital, and sometimes in a GAP surgery doing several different rotations, in both medicine and surgery.Most foundation doctors will have decided by the end of their foundation years which specialty they wish to pursue and at this stage will begin applying for training posts. After completion of two to three ‘core' training years, and having successfully passed the MRS. examination, surgical trainees then begin several years of working and training to acquire all the skills necessary to pass their surgical fellowship examination s (FRI.) and become a consultant in their specialty.

Myths around Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol

DUI’s have been on the rise in the past few years, therefore there have been many myths on how to not obtain a DUI or a DWI. New York became the pioneer state in which, they made to first drunk driving laws in 1910, followed shortly after California then the other forty-eight states followed. These DUI laws stated that a driver could not operate a vehicle while under the influence, although intoxication was not defined by legislature at this period of time. Then in the 1930’s committees wanted to make the roads safer. So The American Medical Association started a committee that studied the most common issues that lead to accidents. Also the National Safety Council created a study that determined intoxication, they reached a conclusion that a Blood Alcohol Content above 0.15 was intoxicated and anything under a person was sober, this became the first legal limit for BAC in 1938. Although as time progressed the laws became stricter, this was due to various groups that pet itioned against drunk driving. The pressure from these organizations led to changes, such as raising the legal drinking age to twenty-one years of age, which was required for all states, yet drunk driving laws was not required by all police departments at this time. Then the legal limit was lowered to 0.10 from 0.15, then once lowered again to our legal limit we have to which is 0.08. The first myth to bust is the various amounts of ways someone can fool a Breathalyzer. The Breathalyzer is a small handheldShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Alcohol By Minors Starts At Home With Parents And Caregivers1550 Words   |  7 Pageswas an accident on Route 5, a head on collision. Her son was driving while intoxicated. He swerved into the other lane, right into oncoming traffic. The driver of the other car didn’t make it. She died on impact. Her son was on his way to the hospital, he lost a lot of blood. They didn’t know if he would make it either. No parent wants to get this phone call, to hear that their child has harmed another or that they are dying due to alcohol and bad decisions. It is heartbreaking and tragic, and it isRead MoreWhy Crimes Are Committed969 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessive studies, as well as in different cities around the United States. Another subject that both books cover is drunk driving. In every state and almost every jurisdiction, the sale of alcoholic beverages is legal. Driving while under the influence is not, however. The Criminology textbook maintains that every year, individuals over the age of 14 drink more alcohol than they do milk or coffee (Criminology 367). 50% of the 10.1 million alcohol drinker engage in binge drinking and half ofRead MoreThe Consequences Of Accepting An Invitation For Happy Hour? Alcoholism1332 Words   |  6 Pagesdrinking of alcohol leading to psychological and physical dependence or addiction† (â€Å"Alcoholism†). Drinking while driving is against the law and an arrestable offense. Many argue that drinking alcohol moderately, in a safe environment will not cause harm. Despite this, it is more complicated when people drink without limiting themselves which can lead to hostility and long-term effects on the brain and the people in your life. People should no t drink alcohol because it can cause drinking and driving whichRead MoreDriving Under the Influence4388 Words   |  18 PagesRunning head: Driving While Intoxicated Driving While Intoxicated SIM American University-Online Instructor Paul Jake Table of Contents Abstract 3 Driving While Intoxicated 4 DWI Offenders 5 Statistics 5 Type of Crime 7 Identifying 8 Facts and Myths 9 Sanctions and Counter Measures 10 Current Sentencing 11 Cost 12 Court 14 Current Preventions 15 Proposed Solutions 15 Read MoreDrunk Driving Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesDrunk Driving is an genuine issue that proceeds on take many passing’s every year. A really a lot of people existence have been lost to drunk driving crashes. An passing from drunk driving doesnt just influence the victimized person yet all the it influences Everybody around them for example, such that crew and companions. You quit offering on that one night, person drink, one confuse is every last bit it takes to drunk driving on make its toll. There are a lot of people answers for forestall drunkRead MoreResearch on the Legalization of Marijuana Essay examples3086 Words   |  13 Pagesmarijuana and alcohol in combination. Alcohol has already proven to be a lethal drug, especially when driving, but together with marijuana, the effects are much greater than either drug alone. As in a comparison between both of them, alcohol has many more damages to the human body and mental psyche than marijuana. Both drugs can become dependent upon, and the effects can be life destroying. Alcohol, as a physical harm places stress upon the body that could make it react by not eating. Alcohol depletesRead MoreThe Myths Of Legalizing Marijuana1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Myths of Legalizing Marijuana A controversial social topic surrounding our time has been the issue of legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes. Cannabis sativa, also known as marijuana, was classified by the United States government as a class I drug in 1970, which means that it is against the law to possess and distribute this illegal substance (Source 2). However, in recent years, many states have made marijuana more accessible for medical and recreational use. States such as ColoradoRead More Legalize It: The Necessity For Marijuana Law Reform Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesillegal settings, I can say that the title â€Å"illegal drug† should not apply to cannabis. The reason that I believe this is because I do not feel that marijuana is a threat to my personal safety, nor is it a threat to the safety of people that are around me if I was to be smoking it in their vicinity. I am not a violent person, and do not consider myself to be a criminal based on what plants I have smoked. While I belie ve that cannabis should be legalized in every way, there are some people thatRead MoreThe United States Should Lower the Legal Drinking Age to Eighteen1930 Words   |  8 PagesThe current policy that the United States has in effect criminalizes youth who consume alcohol at less than twenty one years of age. Young adults are going to drink under twenty one, so why shouldn’t the United States lower the MLDA to eighteen? Following Prohibition in 1933, many states made their MLDA twenty one. During the 1960’s and 1970’s, many states lowered it to eighteen to match the drafting age (Alcohol Policy MD). President Reagan passed The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 whichRead More The Problem of Teen Alcoholism in the United States Essay3674 Words   |  15 Pages Teen alcoholism is a problem that has been plaguing the United States for many decades now. 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